Systems and methods for determining the status of memory locations in a non-volatile memory

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are provided for storing data in a portion of a non-volatile memory (“NVM”) such that the status of the NVM portion can be determined with high probability on a subsequent read. An NVM interface, which may receive write commands to store user data in the NVM, can store a fixed predetermined sequence (“FPS”) with the user data. The FPS may ensure that a successful read operation on a NVM portion is not misinterpreted as a failed read operation or as an erased NVM portion. For example, if the NVM returns an all-zero vector when a read request fails, the FPS can include at least one “1” or one “0”, as appropriate, to differentiate between successful and unsuccessful read operations. In some embodiments, the FPS may also be used to differentiate between disturbed data, which passes an error correction check, and correct data.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This can relate to systems and methods for storing data in a memorylocation of a non-volatile memory such that the status of the memorylocation can be determined with high probability.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

NAND flash memory, as well as other types of non-volatile memories(“NVMs”), are commonly used in electronic devices for mass storage. Forexample, consumer electronics such as portable media players ofteninclude flash memory to store music, videos, and other media.

Today's consumer electronics often include an embedded system thatcontrols the operations of the device and performs access requests tothe NVM (e.g., read, program, or erase commands). When power isinitially applied to the electronic device, the electronic device mayscan through the NVM to determine the contents of the NVM. During thescan or in response to normal run-time access requests, the NVM canprovide information indicating the status of each memory location (e.g.,page). For example, from the provided information, the electronic devicecan determine whether each page includes valid data, obsolete data,correct or correctable data, disturbed data, is erased, or the NVM cansignal a failed access attempt. Difficulties may arise during theoperation of the electronic device if the status of a memory location inthe NVM is misinterpreted.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Accordingly, systems and methods are provided that allow an electronicdevice to determine the status of a memory location of a non-volatilememory (“NVM”). For example, the disclosed systems and methods enablethe electronic device to distinguish between successful and failed readoperations with high probability, and to distinguish disturbed data,which satisfies an error correction check, from correct data.

In some embodiments, an electronic device is provided that may include asystem-on-a-chip and a NVM. In some embodiments, the NVM may includeflash memory, such as NAND flash memory.

The system-on-a-chip can include a NVM interface, sometimes referred toherein as a “memory interface,” for accessing the NVM. In someembodiments, the memory interface can include a NVM driver that mayreceive requests from a file system to store user data in the NVM. TheNVM driver, or simply “memory driver,” may be software orfirmware-based. The NVM driver can create a data vector based on theuser data, which the memory interface can store in a suitable locationof the NVM. For example, the memory interface can include a buscontroller for communicating with the NVM and for programming the datavector to a particular location in the NVM.

In some embodiments, the data vector can include a data field forholding the user data and a metadata field for holding metadata. Themetadata field may include the remaining positions in the data vectornot used to hold user data, and may be used to store metadata orinformation about or relating to the user data (e.g., error correctingcode data or a logical address received from the file system).

The memory driver can provide a fixed predetermined sequence in at leasta portion of the metadata field of the data vector. In some embodiments,the memory driver can provide the same fixed predetermined sequence inthe metadata field responsive to all write requests from the filesystem. In these embodiments, the memory interface may store a fixedpredetermined sequence in the metadata field in each location (e.g.,page) of the NVM that is also used by the memory interface to store userdata.

The fixed predetermined sequence can ensure that the memory interface isable to determine the status of each page upon a subsequent read out ofthe page. For example, the NVM may provide the NVM interface with avector of a particular value, sometimes referred to as a “no-accessvector,” if a failed read operation occurs. The read operation may failif, for example, the NVM interface attempts to read from a fused memorylocation (e.g., page), which a vendor of the NVM may fuse to disallowaccesses to an initial bad block. In some embodiments, the NVM mayprovide an all-zero no-access vector if a failed read operation occurs.Thus, the fixed predetermined sequence can include at least one “1” toprevent data successfully read from the NVM from being mistakenlyinterpreted as a failed read operation. That is, even if the user dataand the other metadata contain all zeros, the fixed predeterminedsequence can ensure that the entire data vector read from the NVM doesnot match the no-access vector.

The fixed predetermined sequence can further ensure that incorrect dataread from the NVM, which passes an error correction check, may not getmisinterpreted as correct data. In particular, error-causing phenomenasuch as program disturb may cause memory locations in the NVM to changestate (e.g., from an unprogrammed “1” to a programmed “0”), and inextreme cases may cause a page of the NVM to store all zeros. Forconventional error correction code (“ECC”) algorithms, an all-zerovector may be a valid codeword. Thus, by introducing a non-zero fixedpredetermined sequence into each data vector, an all-zero vectoressentially becomes an invalid codeword. In other words, because userdata containing all zeros would not be programmed into the NVM as anall-zero data vector, the memory interface may interpret a readoperation that returns all zeros as one containing errors.

In embodiments where the NVM provides a non-zero no-access vector or thememory interface is configured to avoid using a non-zero valid codeword,the predetermined sequence may be selected to be suitably different fromthe no-access vector or valid codeword. For example, the NVM interfacemay use a fixed predetermined sequence that has a large or non-zeroHamming distance from a corresponding location in the no-access vectoror codeword.

In some embodiments, the memory driver may use a predetermined sequencethat is not fixed for all data vectors. For example, the memory drivercan select between multiple predetermined sequences to be used in atleast a portion of a data vector's metadata field. The selection may bebased on other information in the data vector (e.g., user data), forexample.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects and advantages of the invention will becomemore apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description,taken in conjunction with accompanying drawings, in which like referencecharacters refer to like parts throughout, and in which:

FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic views of electronic devices configured inaccordance with various embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a graphical view of a data vector that may be stored in aportion of a non-volatile memory in accordance with various embodimentsof the invention; and

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an illustrative process for storing user datain a portion of a non-volatile memory in accordance with variousembodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of electronic device 100. In someembodiments, electronic device 100 can be or can include a portablemedia player (e.g., an iPod™ made available by Apple Inc. of Cupertino,Calif.), a cellular telephone (e.g., an iPhone™ made available by AppleInc.), a pocket-sized personal computer, a personal digital assistance(“PDA”), a desktop computer, a laptop computer, and any other suitabletype of electronic device.

Electronic device 100 can include system-on-a-chip (“SoC”) 110 andnon-volatile memory (“NVM”) 120. Non-volatile memory 120 can include aNAND flash memory based on floating gate or charge trapping technology,NOR flash memory, erasable programmable read only memory (“EPROM”),electrically erasable programmable read only memory (“EEPROM”),Ferroelectric RAM (“FRAM”), magnetoresistive RAM (“MRAM”), any otherknown or future types of non-volatile memory technology, or anycombination thereof. NVM 120 can be organized into “blocks” that mayeach be erasable at once, and further organized into “pages” that mayeach be programmable and readable at once. In some embodiments, NVM 120can include multiple integrated circuit die and/or multiple packages,where each integrated circuit die may have multiple blocks. Each memorylocation (e.g., page or block) of NVM 120 can be addressed using aphysical address (e.g., physical page address or physical blockaddress).

FIG. 1, as well as later figures and various disclosed embodiments, maysometimes be described in terms of using flash technology. However, thisis not intended to be limiting, and any other type of non-volatilememory can be implemented instead. Electronic device 100 can includeother components, such as a power supply or any user input or outputcomponents, which are not depicted in FIG. 1 to prevent overcomplicatingthe figure.

System-on-a-chip 110 can include SoC control circuitry 112, memory 114,error correction code (“ECC”) module 116, and NVM interface 118. SoCcontrol circuitry 112 can control the general operations and functionsof SoC 110 and the other components of SoC 110 or device 100. Forexample, responsive to user inputs and/or the instructions of anapplication or operating system, SoC control circuitry 112 can issueread or write commands to NVM interface 118 to obtain data from or storedata in NVM 120. For clarity, data that SoC control circuitry 112 mayrequest for storage or retrieval may be referred to as “user data,” eventhough the data may not be directly associated with a user or userapplication. Rather, the user data can be any suitable sequence ofdigital information generated or obtained by SoC control circuitry 112(e.g., via an application or operating system).

SoC control circuitry 112 can include any combination of hardware,software, and firmware, and any components, circuitry, or logicoperative to drive the functionality of electronic device 100. Forexample, SoC control circuitry 112 can include one or more processorsthat operate under the control of software/firmware stored in NVM 120 ormemory 114.

Memory 114 can include any suitable type of volatile or non-volatilememory, such as dynamic random access memory (“DRAM”), synchronousdynamic random access memory (“SDRAM”), double-data-rate (“DDR”) RAM,cache memory, read-only memory (“ROM”), or any combination thereof.Memory 114 can include a data source that can temporarily store userdata for programming into or reading from non-volatile memory 120. Insome embodiments, memory 114 may act as the main memory for anyprocessors implemented as part of SoC control circuitry 112.

ECC module 116 can be configured to encode and decode information usingany suitable error correction code (e.g., Reed-Solomon (“RS”) or Bose,Chaudhuri and Hocquenghem (“BCH”) code). In some embodiments, ECC module116 may implement an error detecting code instead of or in addition toan error correcting code (e.g., cyclic redundancy check (“CRC”)). ECCmodule 116 can be implemented in hardware such as, for example, one ormore linear feedback shift registers (“LFSRs”), or may be implemented insoftware or firmware that is executed by a processor. For softwareimplementations, corresponding program code may be stored in NVM 120 ormemory 114.

NVM interface 118 may include any suitable combination of hardware,software, and firmware configured to act as an interface or driverbetween SoC control circuitry 112 and NVM 120. For any software modulesincluded in NVM interface 118, corresponding program code may be storedin NVM 120 or memory 114.

NVM interface 118 can perform a variety of functions that allow SoCcontrol circuitry 112 to access NVM 120 and to manage the memorylocations (e.g., pages, blocks, super blocks, integrated circuits) ofNVM 120 and the data stored therein (e.g., user data). For example, NVMinterface 118 can interpret the read or write commands from SoC controlcircuitry 112, direct ECC module 116 to encode user data that will bestored in NVM 120, direct ECC module 116 to decode user data read fromNVM 120, perform garbage collection, perform wear leveling, and generateread and program instructions compatible with the bus protocol of NVM120.

While NVM interface 118, ECC module 116, and SoC control circuitry 112are shown as separate modules, this is intended only to simplify thedescription of the embodiments of the invention. It should be understoodthat these modules may share hardware components, software components,or both. For example, a processor implemented as part of SoC controlcircuitry 112 may execute a software-based memory driver for NVMinterface 118. Accordingly, integrated portions of SoC control circuitry112 and NVM interface 118 may sometimes be referred to collectively as“control circuitry.”

FIG. 1 illustrates an electronic device where NVM 120 may not have itsown controller. In other embodiments, electronic device 100 can includea target device, such as a flash or SD card, that includes NVM 120 andsome or all of portions of NVM interface 118 (e.g., a translation layer,discussed below). In these embodiments, SoC 110 or SoC control circuitry112 may act as the host controller for the target device. For example,as the host controller, SoC 110 can issue read and write requests to thetarget device.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of electronic device 200, which mayillustrate in detail some of the software and hardware components ofelectronic device 100 (FIG. 1) in accordance with various embodiments.Electronic device 200 may therefore have any of the features andfunctionalities described above in connection with FIG. 1, and viceversa. Electronic device 200 can include file system 210, NVM driver212, NVM bus controller 216, and NVM 220. File system 210 and NVM driver212 may be software modules, and NVM bus controller 216 and NVM 220 maybe hardware modules. Accordingly, NVM driver 212 may represent thesoftware aspect of NVM interface 218, and NVM bus controller 216 mayrepresent the hardware aspect of NVM interface 218.

File system 210 can include any suitable type of file system, such as aFile Allocation Table (“FAT”) file system, and may be part of theoperating system of electronic device 200 (e.g., part of SoC controlcircuitry 112 of FIG. 1). In some embodiments, file system 210 mayinclude a flash file system, such as Yet Another Flash File System(“YAFFS”). In these embodiments, file system 210 may perform some or allof the functionalities of NVM driver 212 discussed below, and thereforefile system 210 and NVM driver 212 may or may not be separate modules.

File system 210 may manage file and folder structures for theapplication and operating system. File system 210 may operate under thecontrol of an application or operating system running on electronicdevice 200, and may provide write and read commands to NVM driver 212when the application or operating system requests information that isstored in NVM 220 or requests that information be stored in NVM 220.Along with each read or write command, file system 210 can provide alogical address to indicate where the user data should be read from orwritten to, such as a logical page address or a logical block addresswith a page offset.

File system 210 may provide read and write requests to NVM driver 212that are not directly compatible with NVM 220. For example, the logicaladdresses may use conventions or protocols typical of hard-drive-basedsystems. A hard-drive-based system, unlike flash memory, can overwrite amemory location without first performing a block erase. Moreover, harddrives do not need wear leveling to increase the lifespan of the device.Therefore, NVM interface 218 can perform any functions that arememory-specific, vendor-specific, or both to handle file system requestsand perform other management functions in a manner suitable for NVM 220.

NVM driver 212 can include translation layer 214. In some embodiments,translation layer 214 may be a flash translation layer (“FTL”). On awrite operation, translation layer 214 can map the provided logicaladdress to a free, erased physical location on NVM 220. On a readoperation, translation layer 214 can use the provided logical address todetermine the physical address at which the requested data is stored.Since each NVM may have a different layout depending on the size orvendor of the NVM, this mapping operation may be memory and/or vendorspecific. Translation layer 214 can perform any other suitable functionsin addition to logical-to-physical address mapping. For example,translation layer 214 can perform any of the other functions that aretypical of flash translation layers, such as garbage collection and wearleveling.

On a write request from file system 210, NVM driver 212 can create adata vector that may be programmed into a memory location of NVM 220.The data vector may be programmed into, for example, a page of NVM 220corresponding to a physical address selected by translation layer 214.The data vector can include the user data provided by file system 210,as well as any other suitable information associated with the user data.An example of the structure and information included in a data vector isdescribed below in connection with FIG. 3.

NVM driver 212 may interface with NVM bus controller 216 to complete NVMaccess requests (e.g., program, read, and erase requests). For example,NVM driver 212 may provide NVM bus controller 216 with the physicaladdress at which to store or retrieve data, and, for program requests,the corresponding data vector to be programmed. Bus controller 216 mayact as the hardware interface to NVM 220, and can communicate with NVM220 using the bus protocol, data rate, and other specifications of NVM220.

NVM driver 212 may generate memory management data and direct othermodules to generate memory management data to manage the storage of datavectors in NVM 220. This memory management data may be referred tosometimes as “metadata.” The metadata may include information specificto the user data received from file system 210. For example, themetadata may include any information created by translation layer 214 tomaintain the mapping between the logical and physical address for thatuser data. As an additional example, NVM driver 212 may direct ECCmodule 116 to generate metadata in the form of redundant information forthe user data.

NVM driver 212 may generate metadata that includes information that isnot specific to user data. For example, NVM driver 212 may generatemetadata that is useful for bad block management, garbage collection,and wear leveling. In some embodiments, NVM driver 212 may direct NVMbus controller 216 to store metadata that is specific or not specific touser data in NVM 220. For example, NVM driver 212 may direct NVM buscontroller 216 to store metadata in specific pages of NVM 220 (e.g., thefirst page(s) of each block) and/or to store metadata within a datavector, as illustrated in FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 shows a graphical view of an illustrative data vector 300 thatmay be generated by NVM driver 212 for storage in any suitable portionof NVM 220 (FIG. 2). Thus, in some embodiments, the size of data vector300 may correspond to the size of a page in NVM 220. Data vector 300 caninclude a data field 302 and a metadata field 304. Data field 302 caninclude user data 340 received from file system 210, for example. NVMdriver 212 can create a vector similar to data vector 300 responsive toeach request from file system 210 to store user data.

In some embodiments, metadata field 304 of data vector 300 can includethe positions in data vector 300 not used to store user data 340. Thesize of metadata field 304 may therefore be based on the size of thepages in NVM 220 and the size of user data 340. In other embodiments,the data and metadata fields may not encompass all of the positions indata vector 300.

Metadata field 304 can include a variety of different sub-fields. Someof the sub-fields may be used to hold metadata specific to user data340. For example, metadata field 304 can include address sub-field 310for storing the logical address corresponding to user data 340. Metadatafield 304 can include ECC sub-field 320 for storing the redundantinformation generated by an ECC module (e.g., ECC module 116 of FIG. 1).Any other suitable types of metadata may also be included as a sub-fieldin metadata field 304.

Data vector 300 may store the logical address for user data 340 inaddress sub-field 310 so that, on power up of NVM 220, NVM interface 218can re-establish the mapping between physical and logical addresses. Forexample, on power-up, NVM interface 218 can scan through the memorylocations of NVM 220 to identify which physical pages correspond towhich logical pages. Data vector 300 may also include a sub-field (notshown) that indicates whether the page contains valid data or old,obsolete data for the logical address. For example, this sub-field mayindicate the age or version/generation of the page, which NVM interface218 can use to determine whether the page contains valid or obsoletedata. Thus, based on the metadata field extracted from data vector 300for each page, NVM interface 218 can determine the status of at leastsome of the physical pages of NVM 220.

For other physical pages, reading the page at power-up may not produce alogical address and an age or version indicator. This can happen whenthe page is erased and contains no data or when there is a failed accessoperation to the particular memory location (e.g., page). For flashmemory, a page containing all ones may be an indicator that the page hasbeen erased. For some flash vendors, a read-out vector, sometimesreferred to as a “no-access vector,” that includes all zeros may be usedto indicate a failed page access, such as when a vendor of NVM 220 fusesthose memory locations to prevent access to initial bad blocks.Therefore, on power-up, NVM interface 218 can attempt to distinguisherased pages and read failures from pages that contain data, whethercurrent or obsolete, based on whether the returned data vector containsall zeros or all ones.

The ability for NVM interface 218 to identify the status of each page onpower-up may be important for the operation of NVM interface 218. Thismay also be important at other stages of operation as well. For example,NVM interface 218 may receive read requests from file system 210 duringrun-time operation of electronic device 200 (e.g., after power-up), andNVM interface 218 may need to determine whether a read operation to thecorresponding page is successful. Also, during run-time NVM interface218 may need to determine whether a page stores correct or disturbeddata. Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein providesystems and methods that ensure that the status (e.g.,erased/programmed/fused, correctness, etc.) of each page can bedetermined correctly with high probability.

In conventional flash systems, however, even though an all-zerono-access vector may be used to signal a failed read operation, it maystill be possible to store a valid all-zero data vector in a page of theNVM. This may occur if a file system issues a command to write anall-zero user data vector to the NVM, and an NVM interface thereafterattaches an all-zero metadata field. For example, if the user data andother metadata sub-fields (e.g., address sub-field 310) contain onlyzeros, an ECC module (e.g., ECC module 116 of FIG. 1) protecting theuser data and the other metadata sub-fields may produce redundantinformation (e.g., for ECC sub-field 320) that also includes only zeros.Thus, for conventional ECC algorithms, an all-zero vector may be a validcodeword that NVM interface 218 could program into a page of NVM 220.When this page is subsequently read out from NVM 220, however, NVMinterface 218 would not be able to distinguish this read-out vector fromone signaling a read failure.

To prevent this problem, NVM interface 218 can include a fixedpredetermined sequence (“FPS”) in the metadata field of each datavector. For example, referring again to FIG. 3, metadata field 304 ofdata vector 300 can include FPS sub-field 330 for storing the fixedpredetermined sequence. The FPS may be “fixed” in that NVM interface 218may use the same FPS for each request from file system 210 to write userdata to NVM 220. The FPS may be independent of any information providedfrom file system 210 to NVM interface 218. In some embodiments, NVMinterface 218 may obtain the value of the FPS from a lookup table storedin memory (e.g., memory 114 or NVM 120 of FIG. 1), or the value of theFPS may be hard-coded are hardwired into NVM interface 218.

NVM interface 218 may use the fixed predetermined sequence to ensurethat the resulting data vector can be distinguished from vectorssignaling other statuses. For example, if an all-zero no-access vectoris used to signal a failed read access, FPS sub-field 330 can contain atleast one “1” to prevent successful read operations of data vector 300from being interpreted as unsuccessful. With at least one “1” in FPSsub-field 330, an ECC module (e.g., ECC module 116 of FIG. 1) canamplify the Hamming distance of data vector 300 from an all-zero vectorby generating non-zero redundant data for use in ECC sub-field 320. Insome embodiments, if an all-one vector is used to signal an erased page,FPS sub-field 330 can contain at least one “0” so that data vector 300may not be misinterpreted as corresponding to an erased state.

In addition to preventing misinterpretation of failed read accesses, thefixed predetermined sequence can further ensure that incorrect data readfrom NVM 220, which passes an error correction check from ECC module 116(FIG. 1), for example, may not be misinterpreted as correct data. Inparticular, error-causing phenomena such as program disturb may causememory locations in NVM 220 to change state (e.g., from an unprogrammed“1” to a programmed “0”). In extreme cases, the error-causing phenomenamay cause a page of NVM 220 to change from storing a non-zero datavector 300 to an all-zero vector. For conventional error correction code(“ECC”) algorithms that may be employed by ECC module 116, an all-zerovector may be a valid codeword. Thus, by introducing a non-zero fixedpredetermined sequence into each data vector, an all-zero vectoressentially becomes an invalid codeword, because even user datacontaining all zeros would not be programmed into NVM 220 as an all-zerodata vector. The fixed predetermined sequence may effectively reduce thecodeword space of the employed ECC so that certain valid codewords ofthe ECC, sometimes referred to herein as “problematic valid codewords,”are not. Therefore, in response to reading an all-zero vector or otherproblematic valid codeword from NVM 220, NVM interface 218 may interpretthe read data as incorrect even though the read data is a valid codewordin the employed ECC scheme.

The FPS may have any suitable value as long as the FPS is different inat least one position from vectors signaling other statuses or fromproblematic valid codewords. In some embodiments, the FPS may be chosento have a large Hamming distance from the vectors indicating otherstatuses or from problematic valid codewords. For example, if NVMinterface 218 only needs to avoid ambiguity between a data vector and anall-zero no-access vector or problematic codeword, the FPS may be anall-one vector. This way, for no-access vectors, all but one bit of thedata vector could be read from NVM 220 in error (e.g., as zeros) and NVMinterface 218 would still be able to determine that a successful readoperation occurred. As described above, NVM interface 218 mayadditionally rely on an ECC module (e.g., ECC module 116) to increasethe Hamming distance of data vector 300 from an all-zero vector. If NVMinterface 218 is configured to avoid having a data vector read from NVM220 from being interpreted as either a failed read operation or as anerased page, the FPS may contain half ones and half zeros. This way, atleast some errors would need to occur in order for the FPS to beineffective.

The FPS of sub-field 330 can be of any suitable length (e.g., 2 bits, 1byte, etc.). In some embodiments, NVM interface 218 may generate alarger sub-field 330 to provide greater protection against instances ofstatus misinterpretation. In other embodiments, NVM interface 218 maygenerate a smaller sub-field 330 to decrease the percentage of storagespace that is used for metadata. In still other embodiments, the size ofFPS sub-field 330 may be selected based on the remaining space availablein a page after considering the size of user data 340 and the othermetadata sub-fields.

It should be understood that this technique for including FPS sub-field330 may be used even if a vector other than an all-zero vector is usedto indicate an unsuccessful read operation or if a non-zero validcodeword is problematic for some reason. In these scenarios, the valueof FPS sub-field 330 should be different (e.g., have a non-zero Hammingdistance) from a corresponding location in the no-access vector or theproblematic valid codeword. For example, if a “ . . . 10101010 . . . ”vector is used to signal a read failure, the FPS could be “ . . .01010101 . . . ”. Also, while the various disclosed embodiments may bedescribed as distinguishing successful read operations from failed readoperations and/or erased pages, and for avoiding the use of problematiccodewords, this technique may be used to differentiate between anysuitable statuses that may be used by a NVM in current or futuresystems.

It should also be understood that the structure of data vector 300 ismerely illustrative, and additional fields or sub-fields may be added todata vector 300. In some embodiments, the order of fields and sub-fieldsmay be rearranged. For example, some of the metadata sub-fields may comebefore the data field and some of the metadata sub-fields may come afterthe data field. In some embodiments, ECC sub-field 330 may represent aparity field in a systematic codeword, and therefore may be positionedat an end of data vector 300. Also, it should be understood that FIG. 3is not intended to illustrate the relative size of each field orsub-field, and that the fields and sub-fields may be of any suitablesize and proportion with respect to the entire data vector 300.

In some embodiments, rather than using a fixed predetermined sequence,NVM interface 218 may select between using multiple predeterminedsequences. For example, because of potential program disturbs that mayresult from programming a vector of substantially all ones in a page offlash memory, NVM interface 218 may select a predetermined sequence withmore zeros if there are already a large number of ones in data vector300. Thus, in some embodiments, NVM interface 218 may be configured toselect a predetermined sequence based on the other information containedin the metadata and data fields of data vector 300.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a flowchart of illustrative process 400 isshown for storing user data in a portion of a NVM, such as a page offlash memory (e.g., NAND flash). The steps of process 400 may beexecuted by a NVM interface, such as NVM interface 218 of FIG. 2.Process 400 may begin at step 402. At step 404, the NVM interface mayreceive a request to store user data in the NVM. The request may bereceived from a file system of the electronic device, for example, alongwith a logical address. Then, at step 406, the NVM interface maygenerate metadata for the received user data. This can involvedetermining a location of the NVM in which to store the data, such as bymapping a logical address received from the file system to a physicaladdress of the NVM.

Continuing to step 408, the NVM interface can create a data vector. TheNVM interface can create the data vector using the user data received atstep 404 in a data field of the data vector and at least some of themetadata generated at step 406 in a metadata field of the data vector.The NVM interface can provide a fixed predetermined sequence in the datavector, such as within an unused portion of the metadata field. Thisfixed predetermined sequence can be included in the current data vector,and the same fixed predetermined sequence may also be included invarious other data vectors corresponding to other write requests. Forexample, the NVM interface may be configured to use the samepredetermined sequence on all write requests from a file system. Inother embodiments, the NVM interface may be configured to select one ofa number of different predetermined sequences to include in the datavector.

Creating a data vector at step 408 may further involve encoding the userdata and the other metadata generated at step 406 to compute redundantinformation (e.g., ECC data, such as parity information). This way, thedata vector may form a valid codeword within the codeword space definedby the ECC algorithm used by, for example, ECC module 116 (FIG. 1). Byadding a fixed predetermined sequence, however, such as a non-zero FPS,the codeword space actually used by the NVM interface may be reduced toavoid using problematic valid codewords (e.g., an all-zero validcodeword), and therefore the data vector created at step 408 may form avalid codeword within the reduced codeword space.

At step 410, the NVM interface can program the data vector into the NVM.For example, the NVM interface can program the data vector to a physicaladdress of the NVM generated at step 406. Process 400 may then end atstep 412.

It should be understood that process 400 is merely illustrative. Any ofthe steps may be removed, modified, or combined, and any other steps maybe added, without departing from the scope of the invention.

The described embodiments of the invention are presented for the purposeof illustration and not of limitation.

1. An electronic device comprising: a non-volatile memory comprising aplurality of pages; a system-on-a-chip comprising a memory interface,wherein the memory interface is configured to: store a data vectorcomprising user data, error correction code, and a fixed predeterminedsequence into at least one of the plurality of pages, the fixedpredetermined sequence includes at least one non-zero value such that inthe event a no-access vector is provided in response to a failed access,the fixed predetermined sequence of the data vector differs from dataassociated with the no-access vector.
 2. The electronic device of claim1, wherein the non-volatile memory comprises flash memory.
 3. Theelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the memory interface is furtherconfigured to: read a page of the plurality of pages of the non-volatilememory; and determine that a read failure occurred when the read returnsan all-zero vector.
 4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein thememory interface is further configured to: read a page of the pluralityof pages of the non-volatile memory; and determine that the pagecontains at least one error in response to reading an all-zero vectorfrom the page.
 5. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the memoryinterface comprises: a processor configured to execute the instructionsof a memory driver; and a bus controller that communicates with thenon-volatile memory.
 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein thesystem-on-a-chip further comprises SoC control circuitry, wherein theSoC control circuitry comprises a file system for providing the userdata to the memory interface.
 7. An electronic device comprising: anon-volatile memory; a system-on-a-chip comprising: control circuitryoperating under the control of a plurality of software modules, thesoftware modules comprising a file system and a memory driver, wherein:the file system is configured to issue write commands to the memorydriver to write user data to the non-volatile memory, and the memorydriver is configured to create a data vector for storage in thenon-volatile memory, the data vector comprising the user data, errorcorrection code, and a predetermined sequence, wherein the fixedpredetermined sequence includes at least one non-zero value such that inthe event a no-access vector is provided in response to a failed access,the fixed predetermined sequence of the data vector differs from dataassociated with the no-access vector.
 8. The electronic device of claim7, wherein the predetermined sequence is a fixed predetermined sequencethat is independent of any information provided from the file system tothe memory driver.
 9. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein thepredetermined sequence is a fixed predetermined sequence that is thesame for all write commands issued by the file system.
 10. Theelectronic device of claim 7, wherein the predetermined sequence isselected from one of a plurality of potential sequences.
 11. Theelectronic device of claim 7, further comprising a bus controllerconfigured to store the data vector in the non-volatile memory.
 12. Theelectronic device of claim 7, wherein the non-volatile memory comprisesNAND flash memory.
 13. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein: thefile system is further configured to issue a read command to the memorydriver; and the driver is further configured to: read data from a memorylocation of the non-volatile memory responsive to the read command; anddetermine that the read data includes at least one error when the readdata comprises only zeros.
 14. A method of storing at least first userdata in a non-volatile memory, the method comprising: receiving a firstrequest to store the first user data in the non-volatile memory;generating a first metadata field for the first user data, wherein thefirst metadata field comprises error correction code and a fixedpredetermined sequence that includes at least one non-zero value suchthat in the event a no-access vector is provided in response to a failedaccess, the fixed predetermined sequence of the first metadata fielddiffers from data associated with the no-access vector; and storing thefirst user data and the first metadata field in the non-volatile memory.15. The method of claim 14, wherein the fixed predetermined sequence hasa non-zero Hamming distance from a corresponding location in a no-accessvector indicating a failed access to the non-volatile memory.
 16. Themethod of claim 14 further comprising: receiving a second request tostore second user data in the non-volatile memory, wherein the seconduser data comprises a different sequence of digital information than thefirst user data; generating a second metadata field for the second userdata, wherein the second metadata field comprises the fixedpredetermined sequence; and storing the second user data and the secondmetadata field in the non-volatile memory.
 17. The method of claim 16further comprising: determining a first physical address for the firstuser data; determining a second physical address for the second userdata; storing the first user data and the first metadata field at thefirst physical address of the non-volatile memory; and storing thesecond user data and the second metadata field at the second physicaladdress of the non-volatile memory.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein:the receiving the first request comprises receiving a logical address atwhich to store the first user data; and the generating the firstmetadata field comprises generating an address sub-field based on thelogical address.
 19. The method of claim 14 further comprisinggenerating redundant information for the first user data using an errorcorrecting code, wherein the generating the first metadata fieldcomprises generating a ECC sub-field for the first user data based onthe redundant information.
 20. A memory interface for accessing anon-volatile memory, the memory interface comprising: control circuitryoperating under the instructions of at least a memory driver, the memorydriver configured to: receive a first request to write first user datato the non-volatile memory; generate a first data vector comprising thefirst user data, error correction code, and a fixed predeterminedsequence that includes at least one non-zero value such that in theevent a no-access vector is provided in response to a failed access, thefixed predetermined sequence of the first data vector differs from dataassociated with the no-access vector; receive a second request to writesecond user data to the non-volatile memory; and generate a second datavector comprising the second user data and the same fixed predeterminedsequence; and a bus controller configured to store the first and seconddata vectors in the non-volatile memory.
 21. The memory interface ofclaim 20, wherein the control circuitry is further configured to operateunder the instructions of a file system, and wherein the memory driverreceives the first and second requests from the file system.
 22. Thememory interface of claim 20, wherein the fixed predetermined sequencehas a non-zero Hamming distance from a corresponding location in ano-access vector used by the non-volatile memory to indicate a failedaccess.
 23. The memory interface of claim 20, wherein the controlcircuitry and the bus controller are implemented on a system-on-a-chip.24. The memory interface of claim 20, wherein the non-volatile memorycomprises flash memory.